Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing in Non-Industrial Spaces: A Summary of Emissions Evaluations in 11 School Settings

Abstract

Background: Additive manufacturing or 3-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology with increasing prevalence in non-industrial settings such as university and school settings. However, printers are often located in spaces not designed for this purpose. Methods: 3D-printer use in 11 university and K-12 schools was evaluated by identifying emissions using area air sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particle counting instruments (PCIs) measuring ultrafine particulate (UFP) and evaluating controls to reduce potential exposure. Ventilation in printer locations was also characterized. Results: VOCs and UFP were identified during 3D printing. Best-practice recommendations were provided to school health and safety staff to protect users, including workers and students. Recommendations included installing and implementing engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure to 3D printer emissions. Implications: School health and safety staff can translate findings and recommendations for these 11 evaluations to identify 3D-printing areas on their campuses and use principles of industrial hygiene to protect workers and students and prevent the movement of emissions. Conclusions: VOCs and UFP were detected during 3D printing. There were opportunities to improve health and safety practices and reduce potential exposure when using 3D printing technologies.