Sustainable Synthesis Strategies: Biofabrication's Impact on Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Conventional techniques for nanoparticle synthesis pose significant challenges, including the use of hazardous substances, high energy consumption, and prohibitively high costs. Moreover, their reliance on toxic solvents limits their application in critical biomedical fields, contributes to environmental hazards, and impedes scalability and industrial feasibility. In contrast, green synthesis offers a more environmentally friendly approach by utilizing non-toxic solvents, minimizing waste generation, and enhancing biocompatibility. With increasing interest in nanoparticle applications, researchers are intensifying their exploration of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review critically evaluates various green fabrication methods, identifying the most promising strategies for synthesis and characterization. Additionally, it surveys the diverse applications of biofabricated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, highlighting the immense potential, particularly in medicine. Copper-based and other metallic nanoparticles are examined in depth, predicting their future impact on advancing biomedical technologies.