Derivation of Highly Predictive 3D-QSAR Models for hERG Channel Blockers Based on the Quantum Artificial Neural Network Algorithm

Abstract

The hERG potassium channel serves as an annexed target for drug discovery because the associated off-target inhibitory activity may cause serious cardiotoxicity. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to predict inhibitory activities against the hERG potassium channel, utilizing the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of quantum mechanical electrostatic potential (ESP) as the molecular descriptor. To prepare the optimal atomic coordinates of dataset molecules, pairwise 3D structural alignments were carried out in order for the quantum mechanical cross correlation between the template and other molecules to be maximized. This alignment method stands out from the common atom-by-atom matching technique, as it can handle structurally diverse molecules as effectively as chemical derivatives that share an identical scaffold. The alignment problem prevalent in 3D-QSAR methods was ameliorated substantially by dividing the dataset molecules into seven subsets, each of which contained molecules with similar molecular weights. Using an artificial neural network algorithm to find the functional relationship between the quantum mechanical ESP descriptors and the experimental hERG inhibitory activities, highly predictive 3D-QSAR models were derived for all seven molecular subsets to the extent that the squared correlation coefficients exceeded 0.79. Given their simplicity in model development and strong predictability, the 3D-QSAR models developed in this study are expected to function as an effective virtual screening tool for assessing the potential cardiotoxicity of drug candidate molecules.