Observation of stress corrosion cracking using real-time in situ high-speed atomic force microscopy and correlative techniques

Abstract

Contact-mode high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) has been utilised to measure in situ stress corrosion cracking (SCC) with nanometre resolution on AISI Type 304 stainless steel in an aggressive salt solution. SCC is an important failure mode in many metal systems but has a complicated mechanism that makes failure difficult to predict. Prior to the in situ experiments, the contributions of microstructure, environment and stress to SCC were independently studied using HS-AFM. During SCC measurements, uplift of grain boundaries before cracking was observed, indicating a subsurface contribution to the cracking mechanism. Focussed ion beam milling revealed a network of intergranular cracks below the surface lined with a thin oxide, indicating that the SCC process is dominated by local stress at oxide-weakened boundaries. Subsequent analysis by atom probe tomography of a crack tip showed a layered oxide composition at the surface of the crack walls. Oxide formation is posited to be mechanistically linked to grain boundary uplift. This study shows how in situ HS-AFM observations in combination with complementary techniques can give important insights into the mechanisms of SCC.