Insects as flower visitors and pollinators.

Abstract

Notes that an evolutionary and ecological predisposition towards insect-pollinated spore dispersal has existed since Devonian times. A review is presented of anthophilous insects - Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and minor groups. Different kinds of floral attractants are indicated - colour and other visual attractants, and scent. Rewards from flowers are tied in with the foraging physiology of the insects, foraging behaviour, nectar production and nutritional value, and pollen and other rewards. Meteorological conditions affect the flower-insect relationship. The importance of this interrelationship to community and ecosystem ecology is shown, and conservation is discussed in connection with the impact that chemicals and certain environmental changes (eg. hedgerow removal, clearance of detritus from plantations) has had on bee activity.-P.J.Jarvis