Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in people with HIV compared with a matched HIV-negative cohort: A test-negative design

Abstract

Objectives: We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection among a statewide cohort of people with HIV (PWH) and compared the estimates with a matched cohort of people without HIV (PWoH) in South Carolina (SC), USA. Methods: A population-based cohort was retrieved from statewide electronic health records between January 2, 2021, and April 14, 2022, during which several variants were circulating in SC (i.e., Alpha, Delta, Omicron). We compared the odds of vaccination between test-positive cases and test-negative controls using logistic regression models for both SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes. The VE was derived as (1 − adjusted odds ratio) × 100%. Results: A total of 7279 test episodes in PWH and 72,790 matched test episodes in PWoH were included for analysis, representing 6561 unique PWH and 67,521 unique PWoH. The peak level of VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred 7-59 days after receipt of the second dose of vaccine (PWH: 61.20%; PWoH: 67.09%), followed by a waning protective effect 90-119 days after the second dose in both PWH (35.80%) and PWoH (47.57%), where PWH had a proportionally lower and declined faster VE. Regarding the VE against severe outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a relatively higher level of protection was maintained in both populations (complete primary series: PWH: 69.06%; PWoH: 60.63%). Conclusions: A complete primary series of COVID-19 vaccines offered significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes in both PWH and PWoH populations, although this wanes with time. However, the estimate of VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared lower in PWH than in PWoH and the degree of waning over time was relatively quicker in PWH.