Analyzing the Distribution of Household Electricity Usage in Indonesia Using Two-Way ANOVA

Abstract

Indonesia continues to experience notable challenges in providing equal access to electricity across its vast territory. In recent years, the government has made substantial progress through its national electrification initiatives. By the end of 2024, the National Electrification Ratio had reached 99.83%. However, despite this remarkable development, many remote and inland areas—particularly in certain regions of Papua—remain disconnected from the national electricity grid. Recent data on the percentage of households using electricity as the main lighting source in 38 provinces during 2023 and 2024 presents an opportunity for comparative analysis to assess equity in electricity access across regions and over time. This study proposes an analytical approach using Two-Way ANOVA, with location (urban vs. rural) and year (2023 vs. 2024) as the independent variables. The two-way ANOVA further confirmed that the main effect of location (urban vs. rural) was statistically significant (F = 10.049, p = 0.002), indicating a persistent gap in access between the two locations. However, the overall change from 2023 to 2024 was not statistically significant (p = 0.273), and the urban-rural gap remained relatively stable. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted policies to improve rural electrification and reduce regional disparities in access to electricity.