Ligand-receptor binding kinetics in drug design

Abstract

Traditionally, the thermodynamic values of affinity are considered as the main criterion for the development of new drugs. Usually, these values for drugs are measured in vitro at steady concentrations of the receptor and ligand, which are differed from in vivo environment. Recent studies have shown that the kinetics of the process of drug binding to its receptor make significant contribution in the drug effectiveness. This has increased attention in characterizing and predicting the rate constants of association and dissociation of the receptor ligand at the stage of preclinical studies of drug candidates. A drug with a long residence time can determine ligand-receptor selectivity (kinetic selectivity), maintain pharmacological activity of the drug at its low concentration in vivo. The paper discusses the theoretical basis of protein-ligand binding, molecular determinants that control the kinetics of the drug-receptor binding. Understanding the molecular features underlying the kinetics of receptor-ligand binding will contribute to the rational design of drugs with desired properties.