Development of bioepoxy resin microencapsulated ammonium-polyphosphate for flame retardancy of polylactic acid

Abstract

Ammonium-polyphosphate (APP) was modified by microencapsulation with a bio-based sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE)-type epoxy resin and used as a flame retardant additive in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The bioresin-encapsulated APP (MCAPP) particles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman mapping, particle size distribution was determined by processing of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Interaction between the APP core and the bioresin shell was revealed by combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-FTIR spectroscopy. The APP to SPE mass ratio of 10 to 2 was found to be optimal in terms of thermal, flammability, and mechanical properties of 15 wt% additive containing biocomposites. The bioresin shell effectively promotes the charring of the APP-loaded PLA composites, as found using TGA and cone calorimetry, and eliminates the flammable dripping of the specimens during the UL-94 vertical burning tests. Thus, the V-0 rating, the increased limiting oxygen index, and the 20% reduced peak of the heat release rate was reached compared to the effects of neat APP. Furthermore, better interfacial interaction of the MCAPP with PLA was indicated by differential scanning calorimetry and SEM observation. The stiff interphase resulted in increased modulus of these composites. Besides, microencapsulation provided improved water resistance to the flame retardant biopolymer system.