Hydrogeological Potential 3D Model Analysis in Groundwater Basins in Volcanic Areas of North Maluku

Abstract

The demand for groundwater in Ternate is increasing, which is correlated with the increase in population and well-built areas, resulting in increased groundwater exploitation, which, of course, impacts the potential threat of a groundwater crisis with seawater intrusion. Catchment areas on the body and top of the volcano are not optimal for groundwater recharging due to substantial runoff when it rains. Land conversion activities from forest regions to plantation land, agricultural land, and conversion to built-up areas near the Gamalama volcano's body and peak influence groundwater recharge. The relevance of exploratory research on hydrogeological surveys to search for new sources of groundwater in volcanic foot basins and bodies as a promising location for groundwater aquifers in the most astonishing quantity as the Ternate city's water consumption demand Hydrogeological research on rock lithology was carried out utilizing geophysical methods and geoelectric equipment, with an emphasis on placer or alluvial deposit formations. A 3D model with an estimated volume and tonnage of the aquifer is created to determine the potential and quality of groundwater aquifers. A 3D model was used to assess groundwater potential, which comprised direct geophysical test analysis findings in the field and the finite element technique using software. Survey techniques or measurements employing Schlumberger or Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) impact the outputs of measurements in subsurface settings that may be interpreted as models. The findings of a groundwater hydrogeological study in North Maluku's volcanic area, notably Ternate, are used as proposals for groundwater drilling data for the government to fulfill the community's basic needs.