A One Health Perspective of Pet Birds Bacterial Zoonosis and Prevention

Abstract

One Health addresses the intricate relationship between humans, animals, and the environment, and pet or wild animal zoonosis is an important aspect in this regard. The pet bird ownership has grown in popularity, and owners frequently raise their birds close to their houses. They harbor the pathogens and are involved in disease transmission. They have relevance due to their lethality and zoonotic potential. Parrots, pigeons, passeriformes, and poultry birds are most frequently kept as pets. These birds are kept in housing that complies with industry standards for the care of pet birds. In addition to being kept as pets, these birds are possible transmitters or carriers of several infections thought to be the cause of zoonotic diseases. Bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections are all included in the list of zoonotic diseases. Understanding the method by which zoonotic illnesses spread requires an understanding of the mode of transmission. Companion birds typically harbor Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus spp., among other germs as their normal flora. Most frequently reported Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of pet birds include Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Proteus, Enterobacter, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Citrobacter spp, Chlamydia, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. Commonly reported Gram-positive bacterial pathogens of companion birds are Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. In this review, bacteria of public health importance in pet birds have been covered with zoonotic disease categories, their transmission and spread of zoonoses, control and prevention recommendations are made for individual public health and biosafety.