Late-stage difluoromethylation: Concepts, developments and perspective

Abstract

This review describes the recent advances made in difluoromethylation processes based on X-CF2H bond formation where X is C(sp), C(sp2), C(sp3), O, N or S, a field of research that has benefited from the invention of multiple difluoromethylation reagents. The last decade has witnessed an upsurge of metal-based methods that can transfer CF2H to C(sp2) sites both in stoichiometric and catalytic mode. Difluoromethylation of C(sp2)-H bond has also been accomplished through Minisci-type radical chemistry, a strategy best applied to heteroaromatics. Examples of electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical and cross-coupling methods have appeared to construct C(sp3)-CF2H bonds, but cases of stereoselective difluoromethylation are still limited. In this sub-field, an exciting departure is the precise site-selective installation of CF2H onto large biomolecules such as proteins. The formation of X-CF2H bond where X is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur is conventionally achieved upon reaction with ClCF2H; more recently, numerous protocols have achieved X-H insertion with novel non-ozone depleting difluorocarbene reagents. All together, these advances have streamlined access to molecules of pharmaceutical relevance, and generated interest for process chemistry.