Current Phthalate Exposure Risks of Rural Population in the Northwest China: Evidence from an Internal Exposure Study

Abstract

Phthalates (PAEs) are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and personal consumer products as adhesives or plasticizers. PAEs have been demonstrated to have toxic effects on the human body. However, biological monitoring data for the internal PAE exposure levels of Chinese rural residents are still limited. The present study investigated the exposure levels of ten phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) of rural residents in Northwest China. The results showed that mPAEs were wildly prevalent in urine and the geometric mean concentration of Σ10mPAEs was 957.02 ng mL-1 (adjusted by specific gravity). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) were the most dominant mPAEs in urine, with specific gravity adjusted median concentrations of 174.67 and 156.30 ng mL-1, respectively. Urinary concentrations of mPAEs were significantly associated with age, body mass index and economic level (p < 0.05). By calculating the percentage and relative conversion rate of DEHP metabolites, it was found that the degree of oxidative metabolism of DEHP in children was significantly higher than that in adults (p < 0.05), indicating that the pathway and degree of DEHP oxidation were age-related. The risk assessment showed that 59.12% of rural residents may have a noncancer risk from PAE exposure. This study provides important basis for assessing the occurrence and exposure of urinary phthalate metabolites among rural residents in China.