Symptoms of diabetes distress, depression, and anxiety in people with type 2 diabetes: identifying central and bridge symptoms using network analysis

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: People with diabetes are vulnerable to diabetes-related distress and are more likely to experience depressive and anxiety symptoms than the general population. Diabetes distress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms also tend to commonly co-occur. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to apply network analysis to explore the associations between diabetes distress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in a cohort of adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Data were from the baseline (2011) assessment of the Evaluation of Diabetes Insulin Treatment (EDIT) study (N = 1,796; 49% female; mean age = 60, SD = 8) from Quebec, Canada. A first network using the 17 items of the diabetes distress scale (DDS-17) was estimated. A second network was estimated using the 17 items of the DDS-17, the 9 depressive items of the PHQ-9, and the 7 anxiety items of the GAD-7. Symptom centrality, network stability, and bridge symptoms were examined. RESULTS: Regimen-related and physician-related distress symptoms were amongst the most central (highly connected) in the diabetes distress network. Worrying too much (anxiety), Not feeling motivated to keep up diabetes self-management (diabetes distress), and Feeling like a failure (depression) were the most central symptoms in the combined network. Feeling like a failure (depression) was highly connected to diabetes distress symptoms, representing a potential bridge between diabetes distress and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying central and bridge symptoms may provide new insights into diabetes distress, depressive, and anxiety symptom maintenance and comorbidity in people with type 2 diabetes. DISCLOSURE: No significant relationships.