Utilization of Biochar from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Mixed Biomass Waste for Bio Briquette Production

Abstract

The increasing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the need for sustainable energy alternatives have accelerated research on biomass-based briquettes. This study investigates the effect of different catalyst types (6% zeolite, 6% activated carbon, and no catalyst) and binder concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) on the physicochemical properties of bio briquettes derived from a mixture of sugarcane bagasse, palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS), and rice husk. Key performance parameters analyzed include moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The lowest moisture content (2.1%) was obtained using 6% zeolite with 15% binder, while the lowest ash content (5%) was recorded using 6% activated carbon with 5% binder. In terms of energy potential, the highest calorific value (4431.42 cal/g) was achieved with 6% zeolite and 5% binder. However, none of the samples met the SNI 01-6235-2000 calorific value standard (>5000 cal/g), though all met the ESDM minimum threshold (>3500 cal/g), indicating their potential for domestic use. Statistical analysis revealed a quadratic relationship between binder concentration and both moisture and calorific value, highlighting the importance of formulation optimization. The results demonstrate that catalyst type and binder concentration play a critical role in determining the quality of bio briquettes, and a balance between low moisture, minimal ash, and high calorific value must be achieved for practical application. This study supports the development of eco-friendly and renewable solid fuels as a viable substitute for fossil fuels in household energy needs.