High-Resolution Ultrasound of Clinically Relevant Sensory Nerves of the Arm and the Forearm

Abstract

Technological advancements in ultrasound systems, particularly the development of high- and ultra-high-frequency transducers, now allow for the detailed evaluation of sub-millimetric sensory nerves in the upper limb, extending to their distal branches. This provides invaluable insights in patients with suspected neuropathies. This review aims to outline the scanning techniques and normal ultrasound appearance of cutaneous nerves of the upper limbs, including the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, and posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. Furthermore, several cases of nerve pathologies where ultrasound has played a crucial role in accurate diagnosis and therapeutic management are presented.