Computer-aided diagnosis in real-time endoscopy for all stages of gastric carcinogenesis: Development and validation study

Abstract

Objective: Using endoscopic images, we have previously developed computer-aided diagnosis models to predict the histopathology of gastric neoplasms. However, no model that categorizes every stage of gastric carcinogenesis has been published. In this study, a deep-learning-based diagnosis model was developed and validated to automatically classify all stages of gastric carcinogenesis, including atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, in endoscopy images. Design: A total of 18,701 endoscopic images were collected retrospectively and randomly divided into train, validation, and internal-test datasets in an 8:1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was lesion-classification accuracy in six categories: normal/atrophy/intestinal metaplasia/dysplasia/early /advanced gastric cancer. External-validation of performance in the established model used 1427 novel images from other institutions that were not used in training, validation, or internal-tests. Results: The internal-test lesion-classification accuracy was 91.2% (95% confidence interval: 89.9%–92.5%). For performance validation, the established model achieved an accuracy of 82.3% (80.3%–84.3%). The external-test per-class receiver operating characteristic in the diagnosis of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was 93.4 ± 0% and 91.3 ± 0%, respectively. Conclusions: The established model demonstrated high performance in the diagnosis of preneoplastic lesions (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) as well as gastric neoplasms.