Urban heat island modeling and socio-economic vulnerability assessment in Yaoundé, Central Africa

Abstract

Cities in Central Africa, especially Yaoundé in Cameroon, are experiencing rising temperatures, which is a pressing environmental issue. This article examines urban heat islands (UHIs) and the socio-economic vulnerability of residents from 2015 to 2030. It finds that heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense, posing health risks to the population. Using satellite data, surveys of 300 households, and field observations, researchers discovered that surface temperatures have increased from 24–31°C in 2015 to a projected 38°C by 2030. The area covered by hard surfaces has also grown significantly, from 24,911.6 hectares to an expected 132,815.4 hectares. Notably, 91% of households reported feeling the heat rise, revealing varying levels of vulnerability. Approximately 45.5% of families earn between 50,000 and 100,000 XAF (approximately 76 to 152 euros) per month, which limits their ability to adapt to extreme weather conditions. Health issues reported include headaches, fatigue, insomnia, and respiratory problems. The study recommends targeted solutions to help residents adapt to UHIs, emphasizing the need for improved urban infrastructure and support for vulnerable communities. In conclusion, it stresses the urgent need for concrete actions to mitigate UHI impacts in Yaoundé and address the socio-economic disparities affecting household vulnerability, ultimately aiming for a healthier and more resilient urban environment.