Respiratory health risks of disinfectant exposure among emergency and critical care nurses: Strategies for prevention

Abstract

Background: Nurses, especially those in emergency and critical care settings, are frequently exposed to disinfectants during routine cleaning and sterilization procedures essential for infection control. These products, often containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other irritants, play a vital role in reducing healthcare-associated infections. However, long-term exposure to these substances has been associated with adverse respiratory health outcomes, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aim: This study explores the impact of prolonged disinfectant exposure on the respiratory health of nurses in emergency and critical care settings. It examines the prevalence of respiratory disorders, the underlying mechanisms of injury, and contributing risk factors, while identifying strategies to mitigate occupational risks. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, synthesizing evidence from peer-reviewed articles, observational studies, and clinical reports. The analysis focused on respiratory outcomes among nurses, the chemical profiles of disinfectants, and the effectiveness of preventative interventions. Results: Nurses in emergency and critical care units with prolonged exposure to disinfectants showed a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory conditions, such as asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis. Mechanisms identified include airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypersensitivity reactions. Key risk factors included insufficient ventilation, inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and cumulative exposure over time. Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to disinfectants represents a critical occupational hazard for nurses in emergency and critical care settings. Policy and procedural changes, including the use of safer disinfectant alternatives, improved workplace ventilation, and consistent use of PPE, are urgently needed to mitigate these risks and protect nursing professionals.