A Review of South African Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Fungal Coinfections in COVID-19 Patients with Respiratory Diseases

Abstract

Fungal infections are still most prevalent in the South African population. Fungal respiratory infections and diseases are the cause of severe clinical challenges and mortality in patients with compromised immune systems. Clinical signs of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) such as lung injury, hyperglycemia due to diabetes, host iron and zinc depletion, hypoxia, immunosuppression, steroid therapy, and long-term hospitalization predispose patients to opportunistic fungal infections. Fungal pathogens, including Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Candida species, cause coinfec-tions in patients infected with (COVID-19), and this has a negative impact on the patients' pharmacological management goals. Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Candida species cause respiratory infections and illnesses including pneumonia, pulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary candidiasis, and pulmonary cryptococcosis. South African traditional medicinal plants have been used in the treatment of respiratory symptoms and diseases caused by these fungal pathogens. Medicinal plants contain secondary metabolites possessing antifungal activity against Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Candida species. Moreover, medicinal plants are cheaper and easily accessible and are believed to be safe. This review documents the use of South African traditional medicinal plants including Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia afra, Dicoma anomala, Felicia species, Mentha species, Ruta graveolens, and Seasia erosa in the treatment of fungal infections and diseases caused by these pathogens.