Microbial formation of dimethyl sulfide in anoxic Sphagnum peat

Abstract

Peat bogs dominated by Sphagnum spp. have relatively high areal rates of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emission to the atmosphere. DMS was produced in anoxic slurries of Sphagnum peat with a linear time course and with an average rate of 40.4 (range, 22.0 to 68.6) nmol per liter of slurry · day-1 observed in nine batches of slurry. Methanethiol (MESH) was produced at roughly similar rates over the typical 4- to 8-day incubations. DMS and MeSH production in these acidic (pH 4.2 to 4.6) peats were biological, as they were stopped completely by autoclaving and inhibited strongly by addition of antibiotics and 500 μM chloroform. Endogenous DMS production may be due to the degradation of S-methyl-methionine, dimethyl sulfoxide, or methoxyaromatic compounds (e.g., syringic acid), each of which stimulated DMS formation when added at 5 to 10 μM concentrations. However, on the basis of the high rates of thiol (MeSH and ethanethiol) methylation activity that we observed and the availability of endogenous MeSH, we suggest that methylation of MeSH is the major pathway leading to DMS formation in anaerobic peat. Solid-phase adsorption of MeSH plays a key role in its availability for biomethylation reactions. Additions of acetate (1.5 mM) or compounds which could cause acetate to accumulate (e.g., glucose, alanine, and 2-bromoethanesulfonate) suppressed DMS formation. It is likely that acetogenic bacteria are involved in DMS formation, but our data are insufficient to allow firm conclusions about the metabolic pathways or organisms involved. Our observations are the first which point to the methylation of MeSH as the major mechanism for endogenous DMS production in any environment. The rates of net DMS production observed are sufficient to explain the relatively high fluxes of DMS emitted to the atmosphere from Sphagnum sp.-dominated wetlands.