Atomic-Scale Insights into Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Carbon Steel

Abstract

The role of flow velocity on the formation and dissolution of oxides on SA106Gr.B carbon steel was investigated at both microscopic and atomic scales. In static water, a compact oxide layer with highly faceted magnetite particles was formed. Atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy images of such a layer revealed highly ordered and parallel lattice fringes, indicating that the oxide had very high crystallinity and minimal lattice defects. In contrast, turbulent water prompted the creation of a porous oxide layer consisting of amorphous magnetite particles. Here, numerous mismatched lattice fringes were observed, indicating a prevalence of point defects within the oxide structure. These differences in oxide properties are attributed to hydrodynamic shear stress induced by turbulent flow. These findings provide atomic-level insights into how carbon steel corrosion accelerates in fast-flowing water.