Semiconductor photocatalysts in photopolymerization processes: Mechanistic insights, recent advances, and future prospects

Abstract

This review discusses the fundamental principles of photocatalysis and essential properties of semiconductor photocatalysts (PCs) in the context of photo-induced and photo-mediated polymerization applications. This encompasses the distinct mechanisms of radical photopolymerization, including direct monomer activation, Free-Radical Polymerization (FRP), and advanced Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) techniques such as Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT). Emphasis is placed on the significant roles played by the photocatalyst and the specific type of reaction being employed. The recent development and integration of upconversion materials is also included. The scope of this exploration encompasses a comprehensive survey of diverse photocatalysts and reaction conditions, spanning historical milestones and recent advancements. In addition, this review explores potential applications and offers insights into future developments. The overarching goal is to empower readers, provide a deeper understanding of semiconductor photocatalyst-based photopolymerization functions, and serve as a catalyst for further research and development in this dynamic field.