Literature Review: Analysis of Coastal Vulnerability and Comprehensive Adaptation Strategies in Padang City, West Sumatra

Abstract

Coastal areas in Indonesia, including Padang City, face increasing vulnerability due to a combination of natural processes and human activities. This literature review synthesizes findings from various studies to assess the dimensions of coastal vulnerability and adaptation strategies, with a focus on Padang City, West Sumatra. The review reveals that major issues include abrasion, seawater intrusion, tidal flooding, ecosystem degradation, and limited adaptive capacity of coastal communities. Physical vulnerability is influenced by factors such as building density, land subsidence, ecosystem degradation, and inadequate adaptive infrastructure, while socio-economic and institutional challenges include weak governance, limited funding, and low community participation. Studies in different regions demonstrate that effective adaptation requires a combination of physical engineering, ecosystem-based approaches, socio-economic diversification, and institutional integration. For Padang City, the high exposure to coastal hazards, coupled with dependence on marine-based livelihoods, underscores the urgency of comprehensive adaptation strategies. These strategies should be proactive, data-driven, and involve cross-sector collaboration, integrating coastal vulnerability assessments into urban planning, policy frameworks, and community capacity-building efforts. Without such integrated approaches, Padang faces escalating risks to its environmental sustainability, socio-economic resilience, and long-term development.Wilayah pesisir di Indonesia, termasuk Kota Padang, menghadapi peningkatan kerentanan akibat kombinasi proses alam dan aktivitas manusia. Tinjauan literatur ini mensintesis temuan dari berbagai studi untuk menilai dimensi kerentanan pesisir dan strategi adaptasi, dengan fokus pada Kota Padang, Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa masalah utama meliputi abrasi, intrusi air laut, banjir rob, degradasi ekosistem, serta keterbatasan kapasitas adaptif masyarakat pesisir. Kerentanan fisik dipengaruhi oleh faktor seperti kepadatan bangunan, penurunan muka tanah, degradasi ekosistem, dan infrastruktur adaptif yang tidak memadai. Sementara itu, tantangan sosial-ekonomi dan kelembagaan meliputi lemahnya tata kelola, keterbatasan pendanaan, serta rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat. Studi di berbagai wilayah menunjukkan bahwa adaptasi yang efektif memerlukan kombinasi pendekatan rekayasa fisik, pendekatan berbasis ekosistem, diversifikasi sosial-ekonomi, dan integrasi kelembagaan. Bagi Kota Padang, tingginya paparan terhadap bahaya pesisir yang dipadukan dengan ketergantungan pada mata pencaharian berbasis kelautan menegaskan urgensi penerapan strategi adaptasi yang komprehensif. Strategi tersebut harus bersifat proaktif, berbasis data, dan melibatkan kolaborasi lintas sektor, serta mengintegrasikan penilaian kerentanan pesisir ke dalam perencanaan kota, kerangka kebijakan, dan upaya peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat. Tanpa pendekatan terintegrasi seperti ini, Kota Padang akan menghadapi risiko yang semakin meningkat terhadap keberlanjutan lingkungan, ketahanan sosial-ekonomi, dan pembangunan jangka panjang.