Use of activity theory for critical data analysis in information systems research

Abstract

This paper will use Activity Theory, to demonstrate the process of critical analysis of qualitative data in Information Systems research. The paper briefly introduces the elements of an activity system (the subject, object, outcome, mediating tools, rules, community and division of labour). Thereafter, practical examples from the work of two recent PhD students and one recent MSc student will be used to show the importance of identifying and analysing activities that are found in the development and use of information systems and to illustrate the analytical process. This set of examples is intended to highlight the applicability of Activity Theory in analysing data from projects whose topics and contexts are totally different. The first investigates the e-readiness of end users (citizens) and government employees in embracing the e-government initiative in the Western Cape, the second studies the use of a persuasive technology app in education in South Africa and the third focusses on Information Security Management in Uganda The examples illustrate both the process and the value of such analysis. The primary strength of Activity Theory is its ability to highlight reasons for failure or disappointing performance as originating from contradictions either between different activities, between an earlier version of an activity and a later version as the activity evolves, or within an activity (between the elements of that activity). A further advantage is that the analytical process related to Activity Theory is fairly structured but nevertheless can produce insights that are not immediately obvious. This structure aids researchers who are uncertain how to analyse qualitative data effectively. Activity Theory is said to act as a lens in data analysis.