A Monthly Index for the Large-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Gradient Across the Separated Gulf Stream

Abstract

The strong sea-surface temperature (SST) gradient associated with the Gulf Stream (GS) is widely acknowledged to play an important role in shaping mid-latitude weather and climate. Despite this, an index for the GS SST gradient has not yet been standardized in the literature. This paper introduces a monthly index for the large-scale SST gradient across the separated GS based on the time-varying GS position detected from sea-surface height. Analysis suggests that the variations in the monthly average SST gradient throughout the year result primarily from SST variability to the north of the GS, with little contribution from SST to the south. The index exhibits a weak periodicity at ∼2 years. Sea level pressure and turbulent heat flux patterns suggest that variability in the large-scale SST gradient is related to atmospheric (rather than oceanic) forcing. Ocean-to-atmosphere feedback does not persist throughout the year, but there is some evidence of wintertime feedback.