Integer Quantum Hall Effect

Abstract

Integer quantum Hall effect, which is the Hall effect quantized into integer times e2/h (e: elementary charge, h: Planck's constant) observed in two-dimensional electron gases in strong magnetic fields, is reviewed from both experimental and theoretical standpoints. Basic physics underlying the phenomenon is explained, along with diverse aspects such as the quantum Hall effect as the resistance standard. Perspective is also given for recent advances in the quantum Hall effect in oxides, narrow-gap semiconductors and graphene, as well as a spinoff in physics to anomalous Hall effect and spin Hall effect. A relation with the fractional quantum Hall effect is also touched upon.