Advancing lycopene research: Health benefits, technological applications, and emerging strategies for optimization

Abstract

Lycopene (C40H56), a carotenoid abundant in tomatoes, exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Its 11 conjugated double bonds confer superior singlet oxygen quenching activity with reduced prostate cancer and cardiovascular risks via modulation of NF-κB, IGF-1, MMP activities, and epigenetic pathways. Despite its therapeutic potential, clinical application is hindered by poor availability. Recent advances in delivery systems including nanoemulsions, smart carriers, and 3D-printed nutraceuticals enhance stability and targeted absorption. Concurrently, production is shifting toward sustainable methods like supercritical CO2 and microbial biosynthesis using engineered E. coli and Yarrowia lipolytica , further optimized by AI-assisted fermentation and omics-based tools. While lycopene holds GRAS-certified (FDA) and E160d (EU) status, regulatory inconsistencies and limited clinical substantiation of health claims remain. Future research should emphasize systems biology, genotype-specific trials, and harmonized regulations to unlock lycopene's potential in precision health and nutraceutical innovation.