Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and elimination of three active alkaloids in rats after oral administration of the effective fraction of alkaloids from ramulus mori, an innovative hypoglycemic agent

Abstract

In this study, we systematically investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and elimination of three active alkaloids after oral administration of the effective fraction of alkaloids from Ramulus Mori (SZ–A)—an innovative hypoglycemic agent—in rats. Moreover, the influences of other components in SZ–A on dynamic process of alkaloids were explored for the first time. The results showed that 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), fagomine (FGM) and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB) exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics following oral administration of SZ–A (40–1000 mg/kg). The prolonged t1/2 and greater area under concentration-time curve (AUC) versus time (AUC0–t) of DNJ for SZ–A than for purified DNJ has been observed after both oral and intravenous administration. It was found that other components in SZ–A could enhance the absorption of DNJ through the intestinal barrier. The major distribution tissues of DNJ, FGM, and DAB were the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney. Three alkaloids were mainly excreted into urine and feces, but less into bile. Interestingly, the excess excretion of FGM was revealed to be partly due to the biotransformation of other components in SZ–A via gut microbiota. These information provide a rational basis for the use of SZ–A in clinical practice.