Morphological and biochemical changes during fruit development in Selenicereus megalanthus

Abstract

The 'Colombian Yellow' pitaya ( Selenicereus megalanthus) is a crop of growing commercial interest due to its high nutritional value. However, its cultivation faces challenges related to climatic and specific growing conditions that can affect fruit development. This study evaluated the morphological, biochemical, and structural changes in the peel and pulp of yellow pitaya throughout five development stages (S1–S5). Analyses included physical and physicochemical parameters, antioxidant activity ( β -carotene/linoleic acid system and the phosphomolybdenum complex), phenolics (Fast Blue method), total minerals, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed significant growth in fruit dimensions and mass from S1 to S5, with longitudinal and transverse diameters increasing from 9.36 to 14.15 cm and 4.73 to 8.73 cm, respectively, and mass rising from 106.2 to 401.57 g. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant levels also increased. Phosphorus (P) was the most abundant macro mineral, followed by potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). Iron (Fe) was the most prevalent micromineral, followed by zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). Enzymatic activities related to cell wall modification, such as pectinmethylesterase, polygalacturonase, and cellulase, peaked at different stages, contributing to fruit softening and cavity flaccidity. The fruit's versatility and nutritional properties position it as a valuable option in the exotic fruit market, offering functional and health benefits. This study provides insights into the developmental changes that influence its quality and potential market value.