Laser-induced-graphene on Kevlar fabric as multifunctional reinforcement layer for basalt fiber/biobased epoxy composites: in-situ strain sensing, electromagnetic shielding and De-icing

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites conventionally lack integrated functionalities beyond structural performance, limiting their utility in advanced applications requiring sensing, electromagnetic protection, or thermal management. This study aims to address this gap by incorporating laser-induced graphene (LIG) directly onto Kevlar fabric via laser photothermal conversion, creating a multifunctional reinforcement layer within basalt fiber/biobased epoxy laminates. Using controlled laser power and electrode geometries, the LIG@Kevlar layer was fabricated and embedded via vacuum infusion. Electrical testing revealed frequency-independent AC/DC conductivity, with sheet conductance increasing from 0.004 S/□ to 0.014 S/□ as laser power rose from 20% to 27%. Mechanical tests showed a tensile modulus increase from 20.4 GPa (baseline) to 22.0 GPa, with minimal tensile strength reduction. Strain sensing exhibited gauge factors up to ∼1.02, EMI shielding improved across 0.5–5 GHz, and Joule heating enabled de-icing at −40 °C within 5 min. This scalable method integrates multifunctionality into non-carbon fiber composites without sacrificing structural integrity.