Menthol: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

Menthol is commonly used in traditional medicine and is increasingly supported by pharmacological evidence. This review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of menthol's pharmacology, therapeutic applications, and safety profile, with particular focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms that may explain its actions. Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrated benefits in inflammation, pain modulation, gastrointestinal function, microbial infections, and wound healing, while additional findings indicated potential roles in neuroprotection, anti-aging strategies, and cancer prevention. Clinical data further showed effectiveness in irritable bowel syndrome, headache disorders, and skin care. Menthol is generally considered safe, although high doses or unsuitable formulations may cause adverse effects, underscoring the importance of appropriate dosing and patient selection. This review suggests that menthol represents a promising natural therapeutic agent, yet emphasizes the urgent need for standardized clinical trials and long-term safety evaluations to clearly define its role within evidence-based medicine.