Effects of Temperature on the Flowering Behavior of in Avocado Trees

Abstract

1. In order to clarify flower morphology and the effects of temperature on the flowering behaviors of the Avocado tree (Persea americana), cultivars`Mexicolacultivars`Mexicola', `Zutano' , `Jalna-J', and`Fuerteand`Fuerte' were studied in Yamada Orchard, Numazu, Shizuoka. 2. The flowering dichogamy phenomenona were observed and photographed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 3. In terms of flower behavior, `Mexicola' was of type "A" (female-functioning in the morning), `Zutano' and`Fuerteand`Fuerte' of type "B" (female in the afternoon) ; these results agree with earlier published observations. But, `Jalna-J' in Japan was of "B" type, contrary to previous`Jalnaprevious`Jalna' descriptions. 4. At high flowering temperatures (1525°C), the sexual organs of all cultivars behaved normally, a high percentage of flowers opened female, the life span of one flower was short, and the period of female receptivity was short. 5. At a low temperature (below 15°C), a low percentage of flowers opened female, some flowers were male-functioning when they first opened, the flowering period was extended, and the life span of one flower was long. Below 7°C, there was no anther dehiscence. 6. With warm temperatures, each flower was female-functioning at its first opening, male-functioning at its second opening the next day. Each day, flowers opened male that had opened female the day before-two days before in cooler weather. 7. Avocado flowers behaved more normally in the warmer weather of middle and late May, as compared with mid-April. •• OE¾ 'O•ñ(6)‚Å‚Í,‰ä ‚ª •' ‚Ì ƒA ƒ{ƒJ ƒh ‚Ì ‰Ô ‰è •ª ‰» Šú‚Í11OEŽ ' † •E ‰º •{‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä,ƒJ ƒŠƒt ƒH ƒ‹ ƒjƒA‚ae‚è‚à-ñˆê ƒ•OEŽ 'x‚ê,-• ‚»‚Ì OEã ‚Ì ‰Ô ‰è ‚Ì "-ˆç ‚à"~‹G‚Ì 'ቷ Šú‚É'˜ ‹ö ‚· ‚é ‚½‚ß,‚³ ‚ç‚É'x‚ê ‚é ‚±‚AE ‚ð•ñ•• ‚µ‚½. ƒA ƒ{ƒJ ƒh ‚Ì ‰Ô ‚Í-¼ •« ‰Ô ‚Å‚ ‚é ‚ª,‚» ‚ê ‚Í Ž"‚¸‚¢‚¸‚¢ ‚AE-Y ‚¸‚¢‚Ì ‚¸‚¢‚Ì •¬•nŠú‚ðˆÙ‚É‚· ‚éŽ"-Y ˆÙ•n‰Ô ‚Å‚ ‚é.Nirody(9), ‹y‚ÑStout(17,18)‚Í,ƒA ƒ{ƒJ ƒh ‚Ì •Í "| •i Ží‚ðŽ"‚¸‚¢‚¸‚¢ ‚AE-Y ‚¸‚¢‚Ì‚¸‚¢‚Ì Šˆ"® ŽžŠÔ ‚Ì 'Šˆá ‚ÉŠî‚«A•i ŽíOEQ ‚AEB•iŽíOEQ ‚É 'å •Ê‚µ,AOEQ‚Ì •i Ží‚Í Ž"‚¸‚¢‚¸‚¢ ‚AE-Y ‚¸‚¢‚Ì‚¸‚¢‚Ì Šˆ"® ŽžŠÔ ‚ª OEð •³ 1989"N6,OEŽ12"ú Žó-• ‰ä ‚ª •' ‚É‚¨‚¯‚É‚¨‚¯ ‚é ƒA ƒ{ƒJ ƒh ‚Ì ŠJ‰Ô •E OE‹ ŽÀ • ¶-• ‚ÉŠÖ ‚· ‚éOE¤ ‹ †('ae2•ñ) ‚µ‚È‚¢‚ª,BOEQ ‚Ì •i Ží‚Í-¼ ŽÒ ‚Ì Šˆ"® ŽžŠÔ ‚ª OEð •³ ‚· ‚é ‚±‚AE ‚ð•ñ ‚ ¶‚Ä‚¢‚é.ˆê •û,ŠJ ‰Ô Žž‚Ì ‹C‰· ‚ª Ž" •E-Y ‚¸‚¢‚Ì‚¸‚¢‚Ì Šˆ"® ‚ɉe ‹¿ ‚· ‚é ‚±‚AE ‚à•ñ ‚ ¶‚ç‚ê ‚Ä‚¢ ‚é(13,14,15,16).-{•ñ•• ‚Í,‰ä ‚ª •' ‚É‚¨‚¯‚É‚¨‚¯ ‚é ƒA ƒ{ƒJ ƒh ‚Ì ŠJ‰Ô •EOE‹ ŽÀ ‚ÉŠÖ ‚· ‚éŠî'b"I Ž'-¿ ‚ð"¾‚é-Ú "I ‚Å,‰Ô ‚Ì OE`OE`'Ô"I ŠÏŽ@,ŠJ‰Ô OE^ ‹y ‚ÑŠJ‰Ô Žž‚Ì Ž" •E-Y ‚¸‚¢‚Ì‚¸‚¢‚Ì Šˆ"®‚É‹y ‚Ú‚· ‹C‰· ‚Ì ‰e ‹¿ ‚É‚Â ‚¢‚ÄOEŸ "¢ ‚µ‚½‚à‚Ì ‚Å‚ ‚é.