Effects of Yoga and Physical Exercise on Adolescent Development and Learning: A Randomized Trial

Abstract

Academic success during adolescence lays the foundation for future achievements. This three-arm randomized trial aimed to evaluate the effects of three interventions on holistic development in 300 students (mean age 13.02 ± 1.13) over 14 weeks. The interventions—hatha yoga (Group A), hatha yoga integrated with ancient Indian learning principles (Group B), and physical exercise (Group C)—were conducted three to six times weekly for 50 min, focusing on muscular fitness, academic performance, cognitive and academic skills, self-efficacy, and test anxiety. While the improvements in Groups A and C were comparable, Group B showed the most significant improvements across all measures (p < .05), with notable gains in comprehensive skills, creative writing, and reading. Group B’s holistic approach led to superior academic skill development and cognitive enhancements. The findings highlight yoga’s distinct impact on cognitive abilities and self-efficacy, while physical exercise enhanced cognitive function. This study underscores the value of integrating ancient educational philosophies with contemporary pedagogical practices to support holistic student development. Incorporating such comprehensive programs into school curricula can prepare adolescents for academic and life challenges, fostering long-term success.