Detection and Genomic Characterisation of Scale Drop Disease Virus (SDDV) in Farmed Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) in Southern China

Abstract

Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) is a distinct member of the genus Megalocytivirus within the family Iridoviridae, which was recently identified as a causative agent of yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus ascitic diseases (YFSBAD). Here, a molecular surveillance of SDDV in pond-cultured yellowfin seabream was conducted during 2021 to 2023 in Zhuhai, the most significant breeding region for this fish species in China. A total of 73 batches of naturally diseased yellowfin seabream samples were collected for SDDV detection. As a result, 31 samples were confirmed SDDV positive by conventional PCR detection, among which 9 additional SDDVs were isolated by using MFF-1 cell line, and 4 isolates were further validated by monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence assays. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates shared the identical mcp sequences and were clustered within the same clade. Additionally, the complete genome sequence of a new SDDV isolate (SDDV-ZH918/23) was determined and annotated. The result shows that SDDV-ZH918/23 consists of 131,741 bp and encodes 143 putative open reading frames. The genome collinearity analysis demonstrated very high nucleotide similarity among all SDDV isolates distributed in China and other Asian countries. Unexpectedly, a 152 bp deletion mutant was also found in two SDDV isolates. Collectively, our study once again demonstrates that SDDV acts as an emerging etiological agent in farmed yellowfin seabream, and a partial deletion mutant of the SDDV genome was first recorded.