Intricacies of gabaa receptor function: The critical role of the β3 subunit in norm and pathology

Abstract

Neuronal intracellular chloride ([Cl−]i) is a key determinant in γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA)ergic signaling. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) mediate both inhibi-tory and excitatory neurotransmission, as the passive fluxes of Cl− and HCO3− via pores can be re-versed by changes in the transmembrane concentration gradient of Cl-. The cation–chloride co-trans-porters (CCCs) are the primary systems for maintaining [Cl−]i homeostasis. However, despite exten-sive electrophysiological data obtained in vitro that are supported by a wide range of molecular biological studies on the expression patterns and properties of CCCs, the presence of ontogenetic changes in [Cl−]i—along with the consequent shift in GABA reversal potential—remain a subject of debate. Recent studies showed that the β3 subunit possesses properties of the P-type ATPase that participates in the ATP-consuming movement of Cl− via the receptor. Moreover, row studies have demonstrated that the β3 subunit is a key player in GABAAR performance and in the appearance of serious neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the properties and driving forces of CCCs and Cl−, HCO3−ATPase in the maintenance of [Cl−]i homeostasis after changes in upcoming GABAAR function. Moreover, we discuss the contribution of the β3 subunit in the manifestation of epilepsy, autism, and other syndromes.