A case of rheumatoid arthritis in a Nubian woman from the site of Sheikh Mohamed, near Aswan, Egypt

Abstract

Objective: To differentially diagnose and contextualize pathological lesions suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis. Materials: The skeletal remains of a 25–30-year-old female dated to c. 1750–1550 BCE from a Nubian Pan-Grave cemetery at the site of Sheik Mohamed, near Aswan, Egypt. Methods: The skeletal remains were examined macroscopically and a differential diagnosis was conducted following established protocols in the palaeopathological literature. Results: Symmetrical, bilateral, erosive periarticular lesions with smooth edges were observed in multiple joints (especially in the hands and feet). Conclusions: Differential diagnosis suggests this individual had rheumatoid arthritis. Significance: This case suggests the presence of rheumatoid arthritis in ancient Egypt, contributing to a more finely grained understanding of the antiquity and geographical distribution of the condition. Limitations: It was not possible to radiograph the skeletal remains. Suggestions for further research: Researchers are encouraged to re-examine any archaeological examples of erosive polyarthropathy using current palaeopathological protocols and to explore the manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis on the African continent.