Application of d-optimal design for the optimization of isolated piperine from piper nigrum L-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS)

Abstract

The current study was designed to optimize isolated piperine in the self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) using a D-Optimal design. SNEDDS optimization was used to obtain the optimum formula according to the common characteristics. Cremophor RH40 (surfactant), PEG400 (co-surfactant), and Miglyol 812 N (oil) were used as independent factors. The SNEDDS characteristics, which included percent transmittance, emulsification time, particle size, and zeta potential, were used as responses to determine the optimum formula. The obtained SNEDDS optimum formula was evaluated according to percent transmittance, emulsification time, compound content, particle size, and zeta potential with the results obtained 96.34 ± 0.33%, 14.91 ± 0.10 second, 19.88 ± 0.10 mg/g, 33.35 ± 1.97, nm and -22.87 ± 3.31 mV, respectively. In conclusion, the D-Optimal design demonstrates its effectiveness in optimizing the SNEDSS isolated piperine formulation and identifying the effects of the formulation variables.