An intrinsic loop-mediated structural stability modulating inhibitor potency in the SADS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 main proteases

Abstract

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) poses a significant zoonotic risk. The absence of the structure of SADS-CoV main protease (Mpro) severely impedes the development of effective antiviral therapeutics. Here, we present the high-resolution structures of SADS-CoV Mpro and its complexes with inhibitors 27h and SY110, respectively. These two compounds inhibit SADS-CoV Mpro through a novel inhibition mechanism. Residues 40–53 of SADS-CoV Mpro adopt a single-helix conformation, in contrast to a coiled coil formed by two consecutive alpha-helices observed in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. These structural differences contribute to the varying inhibitor potency between Alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) and Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) Mpros. We subsequently demonstrate that the absence of residue ‘51’ in α-CoV Mpros plays a key role in these conformational changes. Furthermore, 27h was proved to efficiently suppress SADS-CoV replication in both cell-based assays and porcine intestinal organoids—marking the first such assessment. Overall, these findings reveal that intrinsic Mpro dynamics influence inhibitor potency and provide insights for designing broad-spectrum Mpro inhibitors.