JOHN BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PSYCHOANALYTIC CONCEPTS OF THE EARLY SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD

Abstract

Resume: Анотація: In modern pedagogy, attachment is one of the key concepts that describes a child's attitude towards an adult. The phenomenon of attachment is a deep emotional bond that arises between a child and an adult as a result of communication and close interaction. Attachment is an individually directed stable emotional attitude, the basis of which is the experience of an affectively saturated relationship of a child with a close adult (usually a mother or a person who replaces her). As a result of interaction with parents, the child forms cognitive ideas about himself and others, an internal working model, patterns of interaction. It is shown that the primary working model, which is formed on the basis of primary attachment, is the basis of the personality development. The article analyzes in detail the methodological aspects of J. Bowlby's theory of attachment, its relationship with psychoanalysis, ethology, systems theory and cybernetics. Special emphasis is placed on the psychoanalytic origins of psychoanalytic theory. The staged sequence of attachment formation in J. Bowlby's concept is explained: 1) indecipherable reaction to people; 2) focusing attention on familiar people; 3) intense attachment and active search for closeness; 4) partnership behavior. Signs by which attachment disorders can be determined are identified. The significance of maternal deprivation and its negative impact on the child's early social-emotional development is revealed. The staged sequence of the child's experience of grief, which is a consequence of separation from the mother (or a person who replaces her), is presented. The article reveals the main reasons for the violation of attachment formation in orphans and children deprived of parental care: 1) deprivation (sensory, cognitive, emotional, social); 2) the experience of being in an antisocial (disadvantaged) family; 3) experienced violence; 4) neglecting the needs of the child; 5) separation. The importance of J. Bowlby's attachment theory for social-behavioral sciences and pedagogy is shown.