Removal of Sulfide Ions from Kraft Washing Effluents by Photocatalysis with N and Fe Codoped Carbon Dots

Abstract

N and Fe codoped carbon dots (N,Fe-CDs) were fabricated from citric acid, L-glutamic acid and ferric chloride via a hydrothermal method for the photocatalytic removal of S2− from kraft washing effluents (KWE). The N,Fe-CDs were fluorescent nanoparticles (average size of 3.18 nm) and catalyzed the oxidation of S2− following a first-order kinetic model with an activation energy of 33.77 kJ/mol. The N,Fe-CDs tolerated elevated temperatures as high as 80 °C without catalyst deactivation. The N,Fe-CDs catalysts were reusable for at least four cycles, preserving over 90% of the activity. In the treatment of KWE from the kraft pulping of eucalyptus, the concentration of S2− was decreased by the N,Fe-CDs from 1.19 to 0.41 mmol/L in 6 h. Consequently, near complete remediation was obtained in 24 h. In addition, half of the chemical oxygen demand was removed after treatment with 500 mg/L of the N,Fe-CDs. In addition, the present photocatalyst was safe within a concentration of 200 mg/L, as indicated by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test. Our findings may help develop a cleaner production process for kraft brownstock washing.