Typhoid fever and salmonellosis in Indonesia

Abstract

Typhoid fever is highly endemic in Indonesia. It occurs perennially all over the country with the annual morbidity of 357/100,000 population in semi rural area and 810/100,000 population in urban area and tends to increase over time, because there is no vaccination program for this disease since 1980. Most of the cases were found in the age group of 319 year old, who were considered to be the vulnerable group The case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.6-3.0%. In the older children and young adults, the disease was found to be more severe than in younger children. Because of improvement in health care and facility the CFR has been decreasing overtime. The most common non typhoid Salmonella in Indonesia in human are S. oranienberg, S. kreveld, S. paratyphi B, S. typhimurium, S. lexington, S. weltevreden and S. New port. Typhoid fever (S. typhi and S. paratyphi A) is still sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, however S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C and other non typhoid Saimoneiiae has develop a moderate and high resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline. The most common phage types of S. typhi in sequence are D2, A, BI, D6 and EI.