Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex

Abstract

Mealybugs have become increasingly important vineyard pests - a result of their direct damage to the vine, their role in transmitting grapevine leafroll viruses, and the costs for their control. Numerous mealybug species are found in vineyards, and each has different biological traits that affect sustainable control options. We review the mealybug pests and their natural enemies to provide some clarification about current trends in biological control tactics and needed directions for future work.