Green Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Advances Toward Sustainable Materials

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials with highly selective recognition properties and are widely studied for applications in separation, sensing, catalysis, and biomedical analysis. However, conventional MIP synthesis often relies on toxic solvents and reagents, causing environmental and sustainability concerns. This review critically examines recent advances in the green synthesis of MIPs, focusing on strategies aligned with green chemistry principles. Emphasis is placed on the use of environmentally less toxic solvents, as well as bio-based and less hazardous functional monomers and crosslinkers. Emerging polymerization techniques, such as microwave-assisted, photochemical, and solvent-free approaches, are also discussed. The impact of green synthetic routes on the structural, physicochemical, and recognition properties of MIPs is analyzed, highlighting both benefits and current limitations. Finally, key challenges and future perspectives for the development of sustainable MIPs are outlined.