Methylene Blue Increases Active Mitochondria and Cellular Survival Through Modulation of miR16–UPR Signaling Axis

Abstract

Background: Methylene blue (MB), a versatile redox agent, is emerging as a promising therapeutic in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Its ability to optimize the electron transport chain increases ATP synthesis (30–40%) and reduces oxidative stress, protecting cellular components such as mitochondrial DNA. The protective role of this compound has been described in several neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. However, its role in cardiovascular disease has been poorly explored. Methods: In this study, we explored the impact of MB on murine (HL1) and human (AC16) cardiomyocyte redox signaling and cellular survival using RT-Qpcr analysis and immunochemistry assays. Results: Our results revealed that MB increased functional mitochondria, reversed H2O2-induced oxidative damage, and modulated antioxidant gene expression. Furthermore, it regulated the microRNA16–UPR signaling axis, reducing CHOP expression and promoting cell survival. Conclusions: These findings underscore its potential in cardioprotective therapy; however, its putative use as a drug requires in vivo validation in preclinical animal models.