A Novel Disposable Bamboo Biochar-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Detecting the Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Flufenamic Acid in Environmental Samples

Abstract

This study presents an electrochemical platform for the detection of flufenamic acid using a bamboo biochar-modified screen-printed electrode (denoted as SPE/BCB). The proposed sensor exhibited high analytical performance, with a sensitivity of 2.30 μA/μmol L–1and an ultralow detection limit of 1.3 nmol L–1, across a broad linear range (0.05–13.32 μmol L–1). Compared with conventional electrodes such as glassy carbon, carbon paste, and modified pyrolytic graphite electrodes, the SPE/BCB sensor offers advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, and disposability. The incorporation of bamboo biochar enhances the electrochemical performance while providing an environmentally friendly approach. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates excellent selectivity, remaining unaffected by common organic interferents, making it suitable for environmental applications. Its ability to accurately quantify FFA in complex aqueous matrices, including river and tap water, highlights its potential as an effective tool for environmental monitoring.