Host-Guest Chemistry for Simultaneous Imaging of Endogenous Alkali Metals and Metabolites with Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Sodium and potassium are biological alkali metal ions that are essential for the physiological processes of cells and organisms. In combination with small-molecule metabolite information, disturbances in sodium and potassium tissue distributions can provide a further understanding of the biological processes in diseases. However, methods using mass spectrometry are generally tailored toward either elemental or molecular detection, which limits simultaneous quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of alkali metal ions and molecular ions. Here, we provide a new method by including crown ether molecules in the solvent for nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (nano-DESI MSI) that combines host-guest chemistry targeting sodium and potassium ions and quantitative imaging of endogenous lipids and metabolites. After evaluation and optimization, the method was applied to an ischemic stroke model, which has highly dynamic tissue sodium and potassium concentrations, and we report 2 times relative increase in the detected sodium concentration in the ischemic region compared to healthy tissue. Further, in the same experiment, we showed the accumulation and depletion of lipids, neurotransmitters, and amino acids using relative quantitation with internal standards spiked in the nano-DESI solvent. Overall, we demonstrate a new method that with a simple modification in liquid extraction MSI techniques using host-guest chemistry provides the added dimension of alkali metal ion imaging to provide unique insights into biological processes.