Structural analysis of calcium phosphate-based submicrospheres with internally-crystallized iron oxide nanoparticles fabricated by a laser-assisted precipitation process

Abstract

Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based submicrospheres containing magnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (IO-CaP submicrospheres) have potential for various biomedical applications. We recently achieved facile one-pot fabrication of IO-CaP submicrospheres using a laser-assisted precipitation process in which weak pulsed laser irradiation was applied to a labile CaP reaction mixture supplemented with ferrous ions under adequate pH. In this study, we performed cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the resulting IO-CaP submicrospheres. The cross-sectional TEM analysis revealed that the IO-CaP submicrospheres were heterogeneous in their internal nanostructures and could be categorized into two types, namely types A and B. The type A submicrospheres contained single nano-sized IO nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed throughout the CaP-based matrix. The type B submicrospheres contained larger IO nanoparticles with an irregular or spherical shape, which were mostly a few tens of nanometers in size along with one or two submicron-sized domains. These findings provide new insight into the formation mechanism of IO-CaP submicrospheres in this fabrication technique as well as future applications of the resulting IO-CaP submicrospheres.