Perspectives of small molecule inhibitors of activin receptor-like kinase in anti-tumor treatment and stem cell differentiation (Review)

Abstract

Activin receptor-like kinases (AL Ks), members of the type I activin receptor family, belong to the serine/threonine kinase receptors of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. AL Ks mediate the roles of activin/TGF-β in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, ranging from cell differentiation and proliferation to apoptosis. For example, the activities of AL Ks are associated with an advanced tumor stage in prostate cancer and the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of AL Ks would not only aid in investigating the function of activin/TGF-β, but also in developing treatments for these diseases via the disruption of activin/TGF-β. In recent studies, several AL K inhibitors, including LY-2157299, SB-431542 and A- 83-01, have been identified and have been confirmed to affect stem cell differentiation and tumor progression in animal models. This review discusses the therapeutic perspective of small molecule inhibitors of AL Ks as drug targets in tumor and stem cells.