The Aging Lung: Exploring Multimorbidity Patterns and Their Clinical Implications: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Aging is a multifaceted biological process characterized by a progressive decline in cellular function and physiological resilience, increasing the risk of multiple chronic conditions. Chronic lung diseases frequently manifest within the aging population and are closely intertwined with systemic dysfunctions across cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological systems. In this review, we explore the biological mechanisms linking aging, multiple chronic conditions patterns, and chronic lung disease, with a particular focus on inflammaging and cellular aging. We also highlight shared pathological pathways such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the dysregulation of repair processes that underlie both natural aging and the accelerated aging seen in chronic lung disease. Additionally, we discuss the systemic impact of multiple chronic conditions on patient outcomes, including increased frailty, diminished physical capacity, cognitive impairment, and elevated mortality risk. This review advocates for a comprehensive, patient-centered approach that combines early detection, personalized pharmacological therapies targeting inflammatory and senescent pathways, and non-pharmacological interventions such as pulmonary rehabilitation, exercise, and dietary optimization. Emerging therapeutics, including senolytics and anti-inflammatory agents, present promising avenues for mitigating age-related lung decline and managing multiple chronic conditions.